Recovery of ammonia and other products from coke oven gases



Oct. 6, 1931. s. P. MlLLER 1,826,561

RECOVERY OF WONIA AND OTHER PRODUCTS FROM COKE OVEN GASEg Filed July 16, 1927 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 PM W W W ATTORNEYS Oct. 6, 1931. s. P. MILLER 1,826,561

RECOVERY OF MONIA AND OTHER PRODUCTS FRO" COKE OVEN GASES Fiied July 16, 1927 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Patented Q c ti STUART Mam e-amine, or GLEN, ninennawannsny, Assmnon To in mm:

imeeta-res onriTTooriPANY, or YOEK,;IT. Y.,.A CORPQRAEIOH on NEW JERsEY from'the collector-main and part from the coolers'or condensers; 'andthis tar-is ordinae rilysubjected t'o distillation in tar stills for the production therefrom of; distillate oils and'of pitch-residues t the direct" recovery of ammonia it has been proposed to cool the hot coke oven, gases tea; temperature'around 80't0 100 6,, then separate tar from the gases by meansof an electrical precipitato'r, and then pass the gases cover'the' ammonia content of the gases as 3 ammnium"sul'fate; In such cases also the tar separated from the 'gasesrequires distillation to produce oils and pitches therefrom.

The presentinvention relates to animprovedprocess ofjrecovering ammonia, as v Well'as pitchesand-oils,f-rom coke oven gases inwhichthe pitches are recovered directly from the gases withoutn'eoessitating redistillation oftar, and inwhi'ch clean oils are also directlyrecovered from the hot coke oven 7 gases Without redistillation of tar, and in ,Which the" ammoniais also directly r ed from clean coke oven gasesfg I l 1 'I v A i g to PNSQ t inVentio nI avoid the' s'udden and-rapid cooling of the hot coke oven gases to a low'temperature and subject them whilethey are still at a sufficiently high temperature to {'retainucreosote oils'i'n the vapor-state to cleaning-with an electrical precipitator-to removeiromfthe gases pitch of regulated melting point; I Ji "For-exam le,-the gases can be'cooled to a temperature around*250 C.- :or'around 200 7 i C and passed through an: electrical precipitatorr at such; temperature "to remov from f the gases all suspended-pitch constituents,

v directlyto the sulfuric acidsaturator to res nrldovnaior a' iimonraimn time rite-noose rnomcoxzi OVEN Gases 1927; "Serial nc. 206,365.

leaving clean gases still containing-creosote oils in the vaporstate, including oilsof high boiling point, e. g., above 350 C. Instead of treating the gasesat 250 C. or 200 0. they may be treated at a lower temperature, e; g. around 160 C. where a softer pitchis desired 51' and, in certain cases, the gases can he creates at a higher.temperature than 250 C. where a heavier pitch is desired and where p anincreased amount of heavier oils, which maybe solid or semi-solid in an isolated'state, is "desired in the subsequent oil fraction Ol' fractions. c "ilhe' hot coal distillation gases leave the oke oven at "a high temperature, around 600 to 700 C.-.0r higher. The cooling of these gases to aregulated lower temperature can be" eliectediin partby external cooling, but is advantageously efiected by the intro duction of a regulated and limited amount of 76 ammonia liquor, or oi": ammonia liquor and tar, i'ntocontactwith the hot gases, and by insulating. the connecting piping it necesary toenahle further temperature regulations to be obtained!" T 'Tlieiintroduction of ammonia liquor may cool some of the gases locally to alow temperature, and may throw out a heavy tar therefroimbut with a limited amount of ammonia'liquor introduced into contact With 80 the gases, a part only of the gases will be. cooled tofa low temperature, and'the average-temperature of the gasescan readilybe kept sufiiciently high'to enable the greater part of the desired creosote oils to be maintained in vapor form, while condensing from vapor tolliquid form for the most part only the heavier pitchconstituents which are to be separated from the gasesat the high 'tem porature of the cleaning operation. A con- 9' siderable amount of ammonia liquor can be flushed through the bottom of the collector main where it will come in surface contact with" the gases but if the I ammonia liquor sprayed into the gases "is limited the presence of aconsiderable amount of ammonia-liquor flowing through the main will not unduly cool the gases, because of its limited surface contact with. part only of the gases, and is advantageous in insuring that any tar thrown down inithe collector main W111 be flushed" out Withthe ammonia liquor, 7 a By regulating. the: temperature at the first cleaning-of the gases byjthe'electrical precipitate! is carried out, the melting point of the'p'itch recovered can be regulated-Vanda 5 harder or softer pitch of' higher orflower I c melting point directly" produced. Tlhis' pitch, moreover, When-produced from normal 7 coke lovengase s Will'difier from pitch produced by r'edistillation of tar in that it Will be muchlowerin, free carbon contentvbecause 1 it will have .been'produccd Withoutthe ox pensive decompositionof oil constituents and 7 resulting increase in carbon content WhlCl'l" takes blacelfwhen coal tar is distilled in 'o rdi narvseus toga. pitch residue;

-separate a creosote oil whichwillbe a clean peraturearound'90 to 100 C. it is poss'ibleto oil, i; e," free:.orisubstantiallv free from pitch constituents; The yield of this oil-Will morejoive'rg, be igreater' than the; corresponding i yieldfiofycreosoteVoilproduced by redistilla 1 tion .of a corresponding amount of tar Efor thfe reason" that such redistillation is accompanled by considerable decomposltion f-011' c With correspondinglyFlower yields of distil latehoi'l; The directly recovered clean oil 4min accordingly differ inu;- its;.;composition from oilsproduced bythe'usual' tar'distillation processes in externally heated stills:

1 Thecoolihg' o' fjthe gases'after the removal of pitch therefrom may becarried outina single stage, or fractionally in a series/of stages, and acsingle'clean oilvfraction orla seri s ot fractions recovered. f By cooling to arOundj100 C; or somewhat higher a smgl e oilj'fraction. can be obtained, suitable for use for creo'so'ting purposes orfor admixture 50 7 With" other tar fconstitue'nts for; creosoting purposes;

separation to bepassed directly to the ammonial saturato'r ata temperature above the dewpointe oi the "gases for Water. The gases V shouldjnotfor this purpose be cooled below,

"around SO-to and they-;may,be cooled onlyjt'oaround9Oor C(before passing to the sa turator :willhavebeen freedafrom all lobiect-iohable lpitch "constituents and also part of thefoil constituents'and particu-z larly from the heavier V as creosote oils,

which A I leai i foilfsftherefrom is advantageously carried'but ati-a' sufliciently high temperature 7 f to permitthegases-after suchcooling mi oil oil constituents, such If the gases are cooled only to about 100 temperature and gases thenpassed to the saturator without materiahreduction in temperature, the gases will leave the ,saturator V While still at a temperature of '85 'orhigher 4 and Will stillcontain considerable amounts of o1 ls, 1nclud-ing carbollc 011s and lighter 011s. These gases are advantageously Sub e'cted to C. and,th'e"oil separatedfrom them at that further, fractional cooling for; the s'eparation fof 'carbolic 011s therefromfand finally are as coke oven light'oil. For this'purpose two success ve scrubbers or coolers may be em.

' ployed, thefirst atla temperature Whichjvill take out njiostof the. ca'rboliooils while leave ingthe' coke ov'en' light oil largely in the 1 va -V porstate and the second atva lower temperature" which will take out: the coke ovenflight sprayed intothe gases co-cool themeto tem-- peraturear0und25; to 30 6). This rwill take out; most of the carbolic .o'ilsf ivhile leaving most o fgthe'coke.ovenjlightoilin.theformof vapor". The gases can then bef passed to a scrubber ".abscrbe nJWhlC hey e scrubbed for therecovery of lighter'oils', such c oil fromthegasesi The;firstcoolerfortakev i ngout the carbolic oilsnuay advantageous; ly be -a:direct Water cooler in which ater is" scrubbe Wi -e11 abo b ntefor h 11 v n light oil such a petroleum oil of the kind V commonly" used for; this purpose monly knownas -straw:oili? i In the carryingaout oftheprocessthe cooling of thehot clean gasesj from the tempera; turegat which piteh;is.,separated to the lower, temperature of eleg around'80 to,9O9- C.,is efiected; either by direct. or indirect cooling, i.{e.', either-by thedirect introduction of cooling'liq'uid into the gases or by indirect coolfand coming, Scrubbers may be used for effecting r e the cooling, and'alsofor efieojting the removal of as; much as possible of -thegcondensed oil vapors from I the "gases; l The g CCmPlQt-G separation ofseparated oils isadvantageously effected-by using an electricalprecipitator at thelower temperature; around 80lto 90 C ;,1or

somewhat higher,, above :the dew-point. Jot;

ater. This-further treatment oftheg ases yvithmn electrical; aprecipitator insures frenuoval ofall entrainedoil from the gases r The s'i'ibsequent;cooling 'of the gases after V I passing them through-l the saturator c nalso bejfollowed by further-treatment With'jan electrical p'recipitatorito" insure the removal thecoke voven light-oil scrubber; 7

direct ammonia: in the qmafnner above deaf scribed, th'e 'gases 7 should beipasse'd through the collectormain ivithout undergoing too vof allfsuspended oi l andwate1'-from the gases. leaving ithefcarbolic oil -cool er -so; thatfthese vvlllfnot be QcarriedOVer by v entrainment into is i Inthe operation offa by product'cokeoven the saturator'; Thegases,before passing to ij plllntifof the glcOYerylofgpitgh glean il jnd greateareduction 'in temperature. I If ammonia liquor is used in-lthe collector main it should be regulated 'inamount-to avoid too great cooling and reduction in temperature. If-tar, and ammonia. liquor are ;used, thecoola ing. of the gases should besimilarlyregulated, so} that: the gases will-reach the first electrical 'precipitator, e. grat a'temperature such as those above mentioned, so that pitch will be directly; recovered from. the precipitator while-leaving the desired oils in the form of vaporsa; .'1 1 l I c The ordinary coke oven battery has col lectormains common: to a plurality of ovens, commonly twenty ovens for each collector main, iorthree collectormains for a battery r of sixtyovens. Each. Collector main has a cross-over main and the three cross-over mains; commonly lead to a common condensing'system; In such a coke oven, installation can advantageously be placed close toor even 'upon'theccollector mainlor-at some pomt; 1n

gasesare still at a suificiently high temperasary high temperature by limiting the cooling the collectormain'. 'ylt an entire battery. of v I sixty ovens is tobe operated in accordance .with the present invention, three high tem-xf peratureelectrical precipitators may he em-: I "ployed, onefor eachcollectormain and the "clean gasesjcan then bepassedto the com-* mon condensing systemcwith regulation of temperature therein as above described to leave.,th.e gases at artem'perature above the I H dew-pointof water as they pass from the con-, densing system to the saturator. win the accompanyingdrawings, Fig. 1 shows in a. more or less diagrammatic manner apparatus suitable 'for removing pitch, then clean creosote oils, then ammonia andthen further clean oils and coke oven light oils from hot-coke oven gasesaccord- V ingto one oithe preferred methodsembra'ced ibymyinvention; ,lF-iggz showsa cross sectionof the collector "main and electrical precipitator of Fig. '1';

'FigB shows across section of the electrical precipitator-shown in Fig. 2; and ,Fig. l showslonesuitable form of indirect -'iQOQlG1- f V; l V [In; the drawings a, coke oven battery is shown conventionally at 5 with uptakeipipes collector main" throughthe center box 8 and the cross-over main 9 through the electrical I .precipitator 10 where/entrained solids and the precipitator; throughl'the pipell'i' into the receiver .12 will depend to a large extent upon the high, temperature electrical precipitator;

the, cross-cover main, atawhich the coke oven ture and the gases can be kept at the neces? i 6 leading from the individual ovens tothe'col? lector main7 The gases'pass' off :from the vthe temperature ofthe gasespassing through the precipitator; Thisltemperature is deter minedby the control ofthe operation of the coke ovensystem, and more particularly'b'y the nature and quantity of the cooling medium sprayed in the goose-necks and collector mainand the cooling thereby effected.

The goose-necksand collector main are equipped with sprays l3 and 14, which are supplied through the pipe with the cooling flowing through the bottom of the collector main are cooled and heavy tar is to some extent thrown .out of the gases and removed through the center-box of the collector main through'the pipe 18 and run into the decanter 19, together with that portion of the liquor V supplied to the collector main which is not volatilized by the hotgases. The use of ammonia liquor in limited amount, or with limited surfacecontact with the gases, will, resultin local cooling'of some of the gas to a suiiiciently'low temperature to throw down heavy tar therefrom, but only part of the gases will be so cooled, and only part of the tar will be so separated. The partof the gases not so cooled will result in giving a suflici'ently high temperature of the total gas leaving-the collector main such that it will carry the greater, part of the oils, including heavy and high boiling oils,'in vapor form, and suspended particles of pitch recoverable in the electrical precipitator. The pitch so recovered maybe of a high melting point, and the gases may be also of a high temperature, eventhough, due to local overcooling of some of thegasesinthe' collector main, a heavy tar admixed with ammonia liquor is drawn ofi' of the collector main. The flushing of the bottom of the main with a considerable by flushing .from the "main such tar as is tlII'OWILdOWIlitllBI'GiIl, while the limited surface contact of liquor with the gases will cool onlythe gases coming in'contact with it, leaving the gases passing through the upper part of the main vuncooled except by the limited vspray introduced therein and by radiation fromthe walls of the main. Local overcooling of some of the gas is unobjectionable where the temperature of the gases as a whole are kept sufliciently high when they enter the elctrical precipitator, ,and'where provisionis made. for flushing: from thecollector main such tar as may be thrown down there liitanksgnay'be'provided.

23 servesto supply the materials to the'sprays;

7 andjthe-collector' main under the desired pressure-h,-

eontainhe'avytaror pitch-and sohd impuri tlesentralned therein whieh are earned for- I Wardb'y the cur'rentofthe gases jf By'proper regulation of the' spraying, the temperature of meg-a e n1aybelcontroll'ed and inthis Way the nature of the residhe' drawn-E from the vprecipitator 10 ma be regulated. Ac-

cording to apreferred method of operation; I

V the temperature er Itheprecipitator is kept I pitch' is thrown down in the 'precipita'ter and drawnoflf into the recelyen12, and ahighj eyiel'cl iof creosote 'thejg'ases I through-the inain '24" to the' 'cooler' 25" which may heanfindireetcooler such asa heat inter throughithe jacket entersthrongh the 113630 7 and-is led ofi through pipe'3l'. 'The circularegulated so that the gasesleaving1 the ceeler hy-the lnain 32 are et ee n emmre 05-80-150 100- C; Thefcooling bywvate'r is advantav geons'ly supplemented byispray ing a limited 7 ceolehthrouglithe spray pipeand' nozzles '60; 'Thiso'ilrwill bevaporizedin contact with the gasespas'sing upwardly through the cooler and Will assist in eendensi'ngiheg igr ei lslin' I thecooler; 1 "i fAecordihg tel the preferredi rnethod of opee'ratio'n the gases co'eled to'. about 90 or T100 G, passfromthe (10 193 threugh' the .;1nain32ito theelectrical precipitator =33,

' storagetank 34; and combined with condeh sate rem the cooler 25, or

The qasesleevmg theiyrec-initetor at a perature of about 9O 9 to 100 Gapass' theisatnrator Where theammonla isfrecev v -e'ered mm-oniurn sulfate. "The saturator be efthezusual typeia-nd'may includethe v Asthe' gases leave ithe 'col leeto r inain 'they between 1200 and 250 (1.," or higher at; Whi 'ch b temperature ELI-relatively highmelting point I il isIdirectIy recevered fronr "fchanger or'fi-ndir'ect ater COQlQIjLI' An in I I e 1 1 V I r. I ihe'cender elvfor*relnojzing the heavy oils which 'thegases passup throughtubes 26'su'f-fi may beiin pare, cooled hy the introductibn. rounded by the; j a"c'ket 27 contained between {theheads28vand 29. .C oldrwater circulated;

and which; hy vaporization; will partially cool the'gas'es. .1 By avoidingtheuseofwater or ammonia liquor inflcontac't Withjthe hot 'tion efthe Water or othercooling. medium is, I I I I i gases beforetheyre'ach the saturator, the amatnofi'nto'fcal-belief oil: into. thetepl of the maybe 'an 'ind-ireet' coolerior condenser, but is jivhere, entrained icon'densediclean oitparticles are-remo d,from the gases as, condensate H Th isljcondens'ate may be drawn' ofi into the separate. storagefl FlgS; 2 andB- show the precipitato'rlQ i'n.

'T he egasesthen pass to} ceolin gian tater "(not shown) for -removingentrained o cen-e'iensate from'thegasesl Petroleum oil is s'u'pjplied t0 the scrubber tl'thronghthe'pipes i4 and 44!;

1 The condenser which precedes-the ammonia saturator and which is operated 'at a'sufli Q ciehtly high temperature" toma inta in the gases above the dwipol lle of'water=is advan-* tageously an -ihdirect1coo1eror condenser where Water is used; as the coolin medium; I smee avoldzng direct contact ofwaterwlth 5.

the gases,,-ther e is: avoidedithe production of I ammonia fiqnerand the local over cooling of part; of, thegases in :contact With the water; .and the throwing; down of lighter bi'ls there? by. 'An indirect c0oler,--With the cooling me dm'rn out of direct eentaetgivith the gases-but infhe'at interchanging relation-' theretoncan ad-f I vanta-geously'beemployed; I therein of-the lighter 011,-si1c'h as the carbolic I e11, subsequently recovered fre'm ithe gasesmonia will he maintained in the gases and re covered 1n the saturator; except such-as may "be separated fromth'e gases'in the collector inaimwhere ainmfonialiquor or Wateristhere need for regulating the temperature of, the

The condenser which follows thesaturatcr and In whlch the (3211490116 011s are recovered advantageously a direct cooler 01' {condenser provide d with: a water spray for rapidly :coeL mg-the gases to a low temperature; The arm ineniaatvilf have been eliminatedfrom the gases by the saturator, so th'at water can'be' e mployed m idlrect Contact iwlth the gases; to cool them and to condense the earhol-ic: oi]

I therefrom; without requiring silbsequent dis tillation the water ferxthere'cov r y of an? detail The electrical v preeipit,fitters 10 and may advantageous'ly 'bQ'O ffihB same type.

{The irecipitatorrlOi consis I s' 'ofa shell '48 enclosing a '7' number of tii b'es" 49 supported in heads 50 and 51 within' the' shell; "The inlet pipe 9 near the bottem offlthe shell eommm mcates with fthe" chamber 1 is eitially'sep'aratedffroin the tube section by the gases from the precipitator after the latter have passed through the tubes. The space around the tubes, and the precipitator as a whole, are advantageously provided with insulating material to preventor minimize loss of heat and lowering of temperature of the gases passing through the precipitator;

A plurality of electrodes55, preferably in the form of metal rods, extend through the tubesand are supported on the bus-bar 56 near the upper end of the tubes. The bus-bar extends at both ends in casings 57 which enclose insulators 58 upon whichthe bus-bar is supported. The high tension current line extends into one of the casings 57 and con;-

nects with the bus-bar, thus supplying the necessary current from anysuita-ble sourceof uni-directional current under high tension.

The casing of the precipitator is grounded, or otherwise connected to the source of current, to complete the circuit. The casing andtubes form the positive electrode,,the

electrodes connected to the bus-bar being negative. The form and arrangement of con-v ductors in the circuit can be varied. The arrangement is such as to supply high tension uni-directional current to the electrodes,

thereby permitting a continuous silent discharge at high potential between the rod electrodes and the tubes through which the gases pass. V

The gases carrying pitch particles in suspended form, together with solid materials such as carbon, etc., in finely divided form, enter the electrical precipitator from the collector main and pass through the tubes in'the precipitator, being subjected therein to an electrical discharge which causes them to separate from the gases and condensable vapors. The separated pitch runs down the inner Walls of the tubes into the chamber in denser 25.

In. my companion application tSer. No. 206,367) I have set forth a process of recovering directly'from coal distillation gases a relatively high melting point pitch product,

' creosote oil and carbolic oil. In the process described in such compamon application,

both the creosote oil and the carbolic oil are condensed from the gases before they pass to the saturator, and the gases then pass to'the saturator at a low temperature, for

example, around'25 to 35 C. Such con-- densation of carbolic oil at a temperature around 25 to 35 C. is accompanied by condensation of moreor-less ammonia liquor,

which requires subsequent treatment by distillation, etc., to recover the ammonia therefrom. The process of the present application for the recovery of coke oven light oils thereobtained by the process of the present inven- :is distinguished from the process of such 1 companion application by the recovery of the -'-ammonia from the gases at a temperature I above the dew point of Water, such that condensation of ammonia liquor and the necessity of distillation of ammonia liqu'or 'are eliminated, exceptfor such ammonia liquor as may be employed for regulation of tenr perature in the collector main. The present process, in addition to providing for there- 5 "coveryof pitch, creosote oil and carbolic oil, provides for the direct recovery of ammonia ata temperature above the'dew point ofwat'er prior to the recovery of carbolicoil,

sothat; the carbolic oil is separated from 5 ammonia-free gases, which gases, after the separation of carbolic oils, can be directly passed .to the coke oven lightvoil scrubber Serial No. 202,736, forexample, by subjecting the carbolic oil to intimate contact with a solution of caustic soda, e. g. a 10% solution, separting the resulting carbolate solution from theneutral oil, and decomposing the carbolate solution with carbon dioxide orother acid'sto set free the tar acids or phenols. The directly'recovered carbolic oils E tioncan advantageously be extracted for the recovery'of phenols or tar acids therefrom,

since; they are-free from heavy.-taror pitch impurities which interfere with the direct recovery of tar acids from tarry oils. I

, :I tiwill thus be seen that the presentinvention provides an improved process for the directrecovery of ammonia from coke oven gases and also for the directproduction of pitch and of heavy clean oils and light car- .110 bohc oil fromsuchgaseswith avoidanceof the need ofredistillation of tar to produce either pitch or such clean oils. It will further be seen that the treatment of the gases preceding the direct recovery of ammonia (116:

includes cleaning the gases at a high temper- .ature with an electrical. precipitator torecover pitch directly as a product of the treatment and'afurther condensingtreatment for the recovery of aheavy clean oil directly'from m the gases; while the treatment of,the gases afterthe recovery of ammonia includes the direct recovery of carbolic oils and coke oven light oils therefrom.

I claim i V Y 1. The method of recovering ammonia and other products from coke oven gases which comprises subjecting the hot coke oven gases to a cleaning treatment with an electrical precipitator at a sufficiently high temperature H 5 -clean creosote oilstherefrom, andthen pass;

ing the gas'eswvhile still at a temperature 'abovethe clew-p'oint-ofwater to an ammonia I:satu rator =1: i '1 J 2: The method of recovering ammonia'and 1 other-procluctsfrom coke oven gases which v comprises collecting gases from a plurality 0t 5 '-ove11s of a coke ovenbatte'ry'ina coinmoncol- I le ctor'iamain, 'subje ctinggthe hot coke oven gases therein to regulated cooling with 'am- 7 I V I monialiquor; thereby separating ali'mited amount-V of heavy tarffrom' the gases while leaving the gases as a Whole at a sufliciently illi'gll' temperature to 'keep "a large part of the oils inva'p'or form; passing the gases from the collector main to an electrical precipitator at f a temperature sufficiently high to separate.

"pitchfrom the gases-'andto leave'a large part V oftheoils-in'the vform of vapors, cooling the "resulting gases to'a temperature above the dew-point of Water to .separate creosote oils therefrom and then passing the gases at a temperature above the dew-point of "Water through an ammonia saturator'." V 3; Themethod of recovering ammonia and .3 other fproducts ii'rom coke oven gasesfwhich comprises subjecting hot coke oven gases to bleaning With an electrical precipitator at a "temperature "sufficiently high to separate '"pitch, from the gases and to leave a considerable amount of creosote oil in the form of vapors, coolingfth'e gases to separate clean [,oils therefromfand then passing the result- -in'ggases'ito mammoni absorber at a ,tem-

per'ature above the de'v'v'point of Water.

' t Q4. The'method-of recovering ammonia and other;products g from} coke oven gases which comprises subjecting hot coke oven gases toa cleaning with anelectrical 'precipitator'at a sufficiently high" temperature to"separate @13 pitch from the gases but leave aconsiderable 1 amount of creosote oils'in' the form of vapors, cooling the gases to a temperature aboveithe;

V deW-pointof Water which will leave carbolic oils in theform of vapors and separate out i "clean creosoteoils,-passingthe resulting gases ingthe gases to a scrubbing treatment for' the i through an ammoniaabsorberat a'temp'era ture abovethe dew-point ofQ ater, then sub, u -V V ijecting'thegasestocooling'f-or theseparation t l of carbolicoilfs therefrom'and'finally subject} a g reeovery'iof benzjol. 1 i a I I In testimony' whereof I afiiX my signature. 'f-W*""-STUART PABMELEE MILLER. 

